![]() If I perform the actions that lead to success I will succeed. Specific: There are specific causes for the failure.Global: I failed because I am a failure through and through everything I try becomes a failure the cause of the failure is me.If I can figure out the solution I can succeed where I failed in the past. Changeable: The belief that I can change how I respond to the challenge.Stable: The belief that the same inadequacy that caused me to fail in the past will cause me to fail in the future is an example of a stable attribution for failure.Attributing failure to external causes- such as luck or task difficulty- would be an external attribution for failure. Explanations for failure that appeal to internal causes- such as low motivation or intelligence, a disease or character defect- are examples of internal attribution for failure. The belief that the cause of the failure is within the self is called an internal attribution for failure. If using the incentive causes pain, then not using it is the obvious solution. When you are in pain, the focus of your attention is escaping from it. Nevertheless, we have to appreciate that there is a natural tendency to frame the challenge in terms of the problem. As Nietzsche puts it, "It is not free from what, it is free for what." His story is rich and complex its purpose and meaning includes much more than "not drinking." Becoming free of dependence on alcohol makes it possible for him to lead a life he would judge as more worthwhile. The story is about Hasselbring and his choices. But alcohol is just an inert substance it has no say in the matter. The focus on not drinking makes alcohol the star of this story. This way of framing the challenge has the perverse effect of suggesting the very reaction you are trying to diminish. The goal - not drinking - is derivative and abstract, and so drinking alcohol is what occupies his consciousness. From this perspective, drinking alcohol is the focus. It is understandable that he frames the challenge as he does - that is, the goal is to not drink alcohol. This predicament is called an Approach-Avoidance Conflict: The incentive motivates both approach and avoidance behavior.Īs Hasselbring’s therapist, I’d rather he frame the conflict in terms of the costs and benefits of sobriety. Never frame your intentions as a negativeĬonsider Ernest Hasselbring’s conflict: Intoxication produces both pleasure and pain. Reactance is one explanation for the observation that: Forbidding something increases its desirability. ![]() Naturally, the little boys wanted the one they could not have. The toys were arranged so that one was easily available to the child while the other stood behind a transparent Plexiglas barrier, out of reach. In one study, two-year-old boys accompanied their mothers into a room containing equally attractive toys. Reactance refers to the motivation to react or rebel against restriction. Humans hate restrictions-especially of those freedoms they already have. According to this interpretation, it is checking to make sure you are successful at preventing your nose from itching that causes the nose to itch.
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